Lvshi (Regulated Verse; Rhythmic Poetry)

詩體名稱。有廣狹二義：廣義的律詩就是格律詩，指講求格律、有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)形式要求的詩歌；狹義的律詩則指五言、七言絕句之外的格律詩，包括五言律詩、七言律詩、五言排律、七言排律等。上古時代的詩歌韻律是自然形成的，沒有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)范。南朝時出現(xiàn)了永明體，又稱“新體”，開始講求用韻規(guī)范。初唐時，經(jīng)過文人的創(chuàng)作探索，詩歌格律逐漸定型，依據(jù)格律寫作的詩被稱作“今體詩”，也稱“近體詩、格律詩、律詩” 。格律形成之前的詩以及后人創(chuàng)作的不依據(jù)格律創(chuàng)作的詩，則被稱作“古體詩”。律詩的顯著特征有幾點：一是齊言句式，每句五字的稱五言，每句七字的稱七言等；二是押平聲韻，偶數(shù)句的末字為韻腳；三是五言、七言律詩全詩八句，分屬四聯(lián)，依次為首、頷、頸、尾聯(lián)，其中頷聯(lián)、頸聯(lián)必須對仗；四是詩中用字依據(jù)平仄規(guī)律排列，同一詩句中的字的平仄須交錯相間，同一聯(lián)上下兩句之間的字平仄要相對，兩聯(lián)之間的平仄要相黏。超過八句的五言排律、七言排律等律詩，相當(dāng)于在首、尾聯(lián)中間增加對仗的聯(lián)。律詩形式整齊，韻律和諧，富有節(jié)奏感，是中國古代詩歌最重要的體式之一。

This is the name of a poetic style. In a broad sense, lvshi (律詩) is poetry which stresses the requirements for rhythmic rules and forms; in a narrow sense, lvshi refers to such poetry other than quatrains with five- or seven-character lines, including five-character eight-line rhythmic poetry, seven-character eight-line rhythmic poetry, and five- or seven-character rhythmic poetry with ten or more lines. In ancient times, there were no strict regulations in regard to the rhythm of Chinese poetry. By the Southern Dynasties, however, the Yongming style, also known as the "new poetry," emerged, and began to demand the standardization of rhyme. In the early Tang Dynasty, based on the creation and exploration of some literati, poetic rules and forms gradually took shape, and rules-based poems were called contemporary or modern style poems, metrical poems or lvshi. Poems written before the establishment of poetic rules and forms or those created by later generations that did not follow the established rules and forms were called ancient style poems. The distinctive features of lvshi include the following: first, each line has the same number of characters, either five characters or seven characters. Second, the final characters of even sentences are rhyming with the level tone. Third, the poems with five- or seven-character lines each has eight lines, which can be broken down to four couplets, or pairs of related lines, namely, the first, second, third, and fourth pairs, and the second and third pairs must both be rhymed. Fourth, the characters used in the poem are arranged by level and oblique tones according to set rules. The characters in the same line must alternate between level and oblique tones. The characters of the lines in the same pair must match in level and oblique tones, and two related lines must be relative to each other. A lvshi poem with more than eight lines, whether it has five or seven characters per line, is just like adding rhymed and parallel pairs of lines between the first and last pairs. Orderly in form and harmony, and full of rhythm, lvshi is one of the most important styles of ancient Chinese poetry.

引例 Citations：

◎唐興，官學(xué)大振，歷世之文，能者互出。而又沈宋之流，研練精切，穩(wěn)順聲勢，謂之為律詩。（元稹《唐故工部員外郎杜君墓系銘并序》）

唐代立國之后，官學(xué)大為振興，幾代累積下來的詩文中，擅長創(chuàng)作的人才交替出現(xiàn)。而且有沈佺期、宋之問這些人鉆研習(xí)練，他們創(chuàng)作的詩歌詞句和詩意精當(dāng)貼切，聲韻又妥帖順暢，因而被稱作律詩。

After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, official schools were greatly revitalized. A great number of poems and articles were created, and literary talent emerged one after another. Moreover, poets like Shen Quanqi and Song Zhiwen delved deep into the art of poetry. Their poems are now called lvshi because their wording and rhythm are precise and appropriate, as well as euphonic. (Yuan Zhen: An Inscription with Preface to the Tomb of Du Fu, the Late Staff Member of the Ministry of Works of the Tang Dynasty)

◎沈佺期、宋之問，唐律詩之祖。此詩雖無絕高處，平正整妥。（方回《瀛奎律髓》卷十六）

沈佺期、宋之問，是唐代律詩的鼻祖。這首詩雖然沒有特別絕妙的地方，但是詩意平和中正，格律整齊妥帖。

Shen Quanqi and Song Zhiwen were the co-founders of lvshi in the Tang Dynasty. The poem cited here may not be particularly brilliant, but it is serene and proper, and the metrical patterns are orderly and appropriate. (Fang Hui: The Best Regulated Poems of the Tang and Song Dynasties)

推薦：教育部 國家語委

供稿：北京外國語大學(xué) 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社

責(zé)任編輯：錢耐安