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詩話
Criticism on Poetry/Shihua (Story-telling with Song and Speech)
主要含義有二：其一，指評論詩人、詩作、詩派及記載詩人逸事及相關的著作，是中國古代詩學文獻的一個組成部分。詩話肇始于南朝梁代鐘嶸（？—518？）的《詩品》，第一部完整意義上的詩話是北宋歐陽修（1007—1072）的《六一詩話》，南宋嚴羽（？—1264）的《滄浪詩話》是宋代最負盛名、對后世影響最大的詩話。此后，詩話成為評論詩作、發(fā)表詩歌創(chuàng)作理論的主要著作形式，明、清兩代詩話作品數量巨大，其中以清代王夫之（1619—1692）的《姜齋詩話》和袁枚（1716—1798）的《隨園詩話》成就最大。明清時期還刊行了《歷代詩話》《歷代詩話續(xù)編》《清詩話》等，輯集了歷代重要的詩話著作。詩話的一般特點是，不追求系統(tǒng)嚴密的理論體系，主要以評論者的細膩感悟為特色，以若干短句為一則，對詩歌創(chuàng)作中的具體問題或某些藝術規(guī)律提出自己的感受和意見。詩話具有較強的文學性和文學欣賞價值。中國詩話以其鮮明的文化特色，有別于西方思辨式的文學理論體系建構和科學嚴密的語言表述。其二，指中國古代的一種說唱藝術。有說有唱，韻文、散文并用，韻文多為七言詩贊，用于唱；散文即“話”，用于說。現(xiàn)存最早的作品是宋元時期刊印的《大唐三藏取經詩話》。
This term has a two-fold meaning. First, it refers to any work that contains critiques or commentaries on poets, poems, schools of poetry, anecdotes about poets, and textual research. This type of work is a constituent part of scholarly inquiry into classical Chinese poetry. The tradition of offering commentaries on poetry had its origin in The Critique of Poetry by Zhong Rong (?-518?) of the Liang Period of the Southern Dynasties. The first somewhat complete commentary on poetry and poets was Ouyang Xiu's Criticism of Poetry, by Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) of the Northern Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty's most renowned work of poetry commentary, which also had the greatest influence on scholars of later generations, was Canglang's Criticism of Poetry by Yan Yu (?-1264) of the Southern Song Dynasty. After that, notes of this kind became a principal medium through which to offer commentaries on poetry and propose theories of poetry composition. The Ming and Qing dynasties boasted the largest number of works of poetry commentary. The best of such works were Desultory Remarks on Poetry from Ginger Studio by Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692) and Suiyuan Remarks on Poetry by Yuan Mei (1716-1798), both from the Qing Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing periods, Commentaries on Poetry from Past Dynasties, A Sequel to Commentaries on Poetry from Past Dynasties and Qing Dynasty Commentaries on Poetry were also published, all of which contain important works of poetry critiquing of all dynasties. Commentaries/critiques on poetry essentially shun a comprehensive and elaborate theoretical system and focus instead on articulating the critic's personal, nuanced appreciation and evaluation of poetry. Each of them contains only a few terse remarks, airing views on finer points in poetic composition and revealing personal feelings and thoughts on rules governing artistic creation. Commentaries on poetry are themselves highly literary and deserve to be appreciated from that perspective. Such commentaries on poetry, with their distinctly Chinese cultural features, distinguish themselves from Western scholars' obsession with systematic construction of literary theories and strictly scientific modes of expression.
Second, the term Shihua may also refer to a kind of age-old art of theatrical performance that intersperse singing with narrative, and verse with prose. Rhymed verse, which normally consists of seven characters to a line, is employed for singing. Prose, on the other hand, is used as in vernacular speech. The earliest extant work of this kind is Tales of Xuanzang's Journey to the West compiled and published during the Song and Yuan periods.
引例 Citations：
◎詩話者，辨句法，備古今，紀盛德，錄異事，正訛誤也。（許顗《彥周詩話》，見何文煥輯《歷代詩話》）
詩話的作用是為了辨析詩歌文法，細述古今流變，記載朝廷盛德，實錄奇聞逸事，辨正創(chuàng)作訛誤。
Commentaries on poetry serve to expound rules guiding the composition of poetry, detail the evolution of poetry from past to present, note the imperial court's meritorious deeds, record anecdotes and hearsay, as well as to rectify malpractices in poetic composition. (Xu Yi: Yanzhou's Commentaries on Poetry)
◎詩話之源，本于鐘嶸《詩品》。（章學誠《文史通義·詩話》）
詩話的源頭，來自鐘嶸的《詩品》。
The tradition of offering commentaries on poetry is traced back to Zhong Rong's The Critique of Poetry. (Zhang Xuecheng: General Principles of History)
推薦：教育部 國家語委
供稿：北京外國語大學 外語教學與研究出版社
責任編輯：錢耐安
